The six-star general rank is among the rarest and most distinguished honors in U.S. military history, reserved for leaders of exceptional ability and influence. Only three individuals have ever received this distinction—two posthumously and one during their lifetime. Created to recognize commanders whose decisions profoundly shaped the nation’s military success, the rank represents an extraordinary level of strategic authority and vision. Those awarded it are remembered not only for their battlefield skill but also for their decisive contributions to major conflicts. Today, the six-star designation endures as a powerful symbol of unmatched achievement and honor within the armed forces.
John J. Pershing’s slow climb up the US military hierarchy
Long before he became a 6-star general, John J. Pershing attended the United States Military Academy West Point. Following his graduation, he spent the first years of his military career fighting the Apache and Lakota Sioux in New Mexico, as well as at other Western outposts. While in Montana, he was promoted to first lieutenant of the 10th Cavalry Regiment.
In 1898, Pershing and the 10th Cavalry traveled to Cuba to fight in the Spanish-American War. He fought in the battles of Santiago de Cuba and San Juan Hill, earning himself a Silver Citation Star that was later upgraded to the Silver Star and a promotion to captain. After heading to the Philippines to lead repeated efforts to subdue the Moro Rebellion, he earned yet another promotion, this time to brigadier general.
In 1916, US President Woodrow Wilson had Pershing lead an expedition in Mexico to search for revolutionary Francisco “Pancho” Villa, who’d recently raided Columbus, New Mexico. The search included approximately 10,000 soldiers and lasted nearly a year. However, despite Pershing and his men’s efforts, including the defeat of Villa’s forces, the man remained at large.
John J. Pershing refused to sacrifice American lives
When the U.S. entered World War I, John J. Pershing’s career hit its defining moment. He was named General of the Armies, a rank often viewed as the U.S. military’s highest possible honor—roughly equivalent to a six-star general. President Woodrow Wilson tapped him to command the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe and build a modern American army presence from the ground up.
To meet this challenge, Pershing drafted the General Organization Report, a bold plan to raise one million troops by 1918 and expand to three million the following year. He focused on transforming raw recruits into a capable, cohesive fighting force.
Pershing clashed with Allied leaders early on. Both the British and French urged him to integrate American troops into their battle-worn units, hoping to bolster their own ranks. But Pershing stood firm. He famously dismissed the idea, saying it would be like “pouring new wine into old bottles.” He was determined that U.S. forces would fight under an independent American command—not as backup for foreign armies—and would not be sacrificed as mere reinforcements.
Promotion to six-star general
Upon returning to the United States, John J. Pershing was celebrated for his leadership during World War I and became the first person to hold the rank of six-star general. This newly established rank, titled “General of the Armies of the United States,” initially had no official insignia. Pershing chose to create one himself, selecting gold stars instead of the silver stars worn by other generals. He retained this rank for the remainder of his military career. According to the US Army Center of Military History,, Pershing retired on September 13, 1924, yet continued to hold the six-star designation until his death in 1948.
Trouble with George Washington’s military rank
John J. Pershing was the first American military officer formally given the title “General of the Armies of the United States,” a rank commonly described as the equivalent of six stars. The distinction was bestowed on him in recognition of his leadership during World War I. Many years afterward, George Washington was posthumously granted the same title. Although Washington had commanded the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolutionary War and subsequently became the first president of the United States, his official military rank at the time of his death was lieutenant general.
The later creation of four-star and five-star grades meant that several American officers technically outranked Washington. Congress addressed this issue during the nation’s Bicentennial in 1976 by authorizing his posthumous advancement to General of the Armies. The promotion restored Washington’s unique position at the top of the American military hierarchy, with the law specifying that he would hold precedence over every other Army officer, past or present. The title is often informally characterized as equivalent to a six-star rank.
A posthumous promotion to six-star general
When George Washington received the rank of lieutenant general, the formal classifications of four-star, five-star, and six-star generals did not yet exist. As these higher ranks were later introduced—spanning conflicts such as the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II—Congress determined it would be inappropriate for Washington, the nation’s first president and foundational military leader, to be outranked by subsequent officers.
To remedy this, on March 13, 1978, Congress passed legislation posthumously promoting Washington to General of the Armies of the United States, a position equivalent to six stars, with the promotion retroactive to July 4, 1976. The law explicitly stated that “no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list.”
Although General John J. Pershing had previously held the same title, his standing did not supersede Washington’s, ensuring the first president retained ultimate precedence.
Ulysses S. Grant showed military promise from a young age
Prior to becoming the 18th president of the US, Ulysses S. Grant had dedicated his life to military service, attending West Point on the recommendation of Democratic congressman Thomas L. Hamer and, later, serving at the Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearny.
Grant got his first taste of combat during the Mexican-American War, participating in the Battle of Palo Alto and several other engagements against the Mexican forces. The conflict allowed him to show his prowess on the battlefield and it didn’t take very long for higher-ups in the military to see the soldier’s potential.
Leading the Union forces to victory during the American Civil War
Fast forward to the American Civil War, where Ulysses S. Grant solidified his place in history. Called up by Illinois Gov. Richard Yates to lead the less-than-proper 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, he quickly showcased his ability to whip troops into shape. Before long, he’d been named brigadier general of volunteers (later to be major).
Over the course of the conflict, Grant led his men through many high-profile engagements, including attacks on Fort Henry and Fort Donelson and the casualty-heavy Battle of Shiloh. After skillfully succeeding in splitting the Confederate forces in two with the Vicksburg Campaign, the military leader set his sights on Chattanooga, followed by the controversial Battle of Cold Harbor.
By the Confederate surrender in 1865, Grant had risen to commander of the Army. He subsequently ran for the presidency and was sworn in, in 1869, serving two terms.
A long-overdue promotion to six-star general
In December 2022, on the 200th anniversary of his birth, Ulysses S. Grant was posthumously promoted to the rank of six-star general. This was made possible by a provision in the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act, which was approved by the US Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden, much to the satisfaction of military enthusiasts.
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With the promotion, Grant became the third individual to receive the title of General of the Armies of the United States. It’s unknown if we’ll ever see a fourth be promoted to the prestigious rank.