How Mass Warfare Transformed Nations: Europe’s Military Revolution
Warfare has changed dramatically over the centuries. From small bands defending local communities, it has turned into the clash of vast armies on an industrial…
“The God of War” – Soviet Artillery of the Cold War
The Russian army referred to artillery as “the god of war.” Its destructive power not only shattered enemy formations but also transformed the shape of…
The Battle of Williamsburg – A Massive Withdrawal Over Difficult Ground
On the night of May 3, 1862, Confederate forces began a withdrawal from the defenses around Yorktown. For a month, they had been waiting for…
Three Medieval Wars in North Africa
The word “crusade” normally evokes images of war in the Middle East, with European crusaders fighting Muslim Arabs. But crusades took place all over Europe…
Raiders and Traders: The Vikings Conquer England
The end of the first millennium AD saw a turning point for England. After decades of security, the independent kingdom once again came under attack…
World War Two – Invasion and Occupation
Under the leadership of Adolph Hitler, Germany invaded over twenty countries in Europe and Africa. The reasons for these invasions varied from country to country,…
The Military Campaigns of Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick Hohenstaufen, also known as Frederick Barbarossa, became Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire in 1152, succeeding his uncle Conrad III. With a…
Making Magna Carta: King John’s Civil War
The very foundation of the English constitution is based in conflict. Magna Carta, the basis of much English law, was written in a failed attempt…
The Assassination of The Butcher of Prague – Reinhard Heydrich
One of the most important covert operations of the Second World War, Operation Anthropoid was the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazi commander who led…
The Battle of Britain – One of the Most Important Aerial Campaigns in History
The Battle of Britain was one of the most important aerial campaigns in history. It stopped Nazi Germany’s westward expansion and prevented the invasion of…
Field Marshal Walter Model: a German Commander of WWII
In the fall of 1943, following the failure of an offensive in Russia, Hitler complained to his commanders about the quality of their troops. What…
The Nazi Invasion of Poland in the Opening Stages of World War Two
The invasion of Poland was one in a long line of acts of Nazi German aggression. It was also the one that tipped Europe into…