Although the United States did not formally enter World War I until April 1917, Theodore Roosevelt had already been urging American participation in the conflict. He openly advocated for joining the Allied cause and expressed his willingness to serve alongside Allied soldiers on the Western Front. Roosevelt even proposed raising a volunteer force that he could personally lead into combat against German troops.
Despite his enthusiasm, the plan never moved forward. Woodrow Wilson ultimately rejected Roosevelt’s request, preventing the former president from organizing and commanding such a unit.
Teddy Roosevelt wanted America to immediately join the Great War
When the First World War broke out in 1914, Teddy Roosevelt strongly supported the Allied cause and demanded a harsher policy against Germany from President Woodrow Wilson, especially regarding submarine warfare.
The former US president couldn’t believe Wilson did nothing when Belgium’s neutrality was violated, exclaiming, “We [America] should have interfered, at least to the extent of the most emphatic diplomatic protest and at the very outset, and then by whatever further action was necessary.”
Roosevelt believed that early action in the early years of the conflict could have stopped it in its tracks – or, at least, prevented its expansion.
Woodrow Wilson had other ideas
While Teddy Roosevelt wanted to go to war as early as 1914, Woodrow Wilson had other ideas, advocating for American neutrality at the outset of the conflict. During the 1916 presidential election, Roosevelt put Wilson on blast for not entering the war over the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, which claimed the lives of 128 Americans.
Increasingly, Roosevelt saw Germany as an aggressor, meaning the nation should be opposed and punished for crimes committed throughout the conflict. He viewed Wilson’s neutrality as a great moral issue, stating that “more and more I come to the view that in a really tremendous world struggle, with a great moral issue involved, neutrality does not serve righteousness; for to be neutral between right and wrong is to serve wrong.”
Teddy Roosevelt wanted to raise a volunteer fighting force
Even before the United States formally entered World War I, many Americans expected the country would eventually join the conflict. In early 1917, Congress, supported by lawmakers including Warren G. Harding, authorized the formation of four volunteer divisions for service in France. The proposal drew partly from earlier volunteer organizations, among them the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry.
Former President Theodore Roosevelt sought permission to raise and command one of the planned divisions, which would also include a cavalry brigade. His proposal called for six weeks of training in the United States before the unit sailed to France, where the troops would continue what he described as even tougher preparation. Although the legislation never mentioned Roosevelt by name, it was generally recognized that it had been drafted with him in mind.
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge maintained that “his [Roosevelt’s] presence, there would be a help and an encouragement to the soldiers of the allied nations.”
Forming the volunteer divisions
The volunteer divisions Roosevelt envisioned were to be organized and recruited under the direction of Maj. Frederick Russell Burnham. Though Roosevelt’s name was never officially attached, it appeared he was on the verge of seeing combat in Europe. Henry Cabot Lodge underscored the potential impact of his involvement, writing, “He is known in Europe as no other American… His presence there would be a help and an encouragement to the soldiers of the allied nations.”
In Edmund Morris’ 2010 biography, Colonel Roosevelt, the former president’s resolve is framed by a sense of fatalism. “I shall not come back,” he reportedly told fellow Republicans in New York when discussing his hopes of returning to the front lines.
The announcement sparked an extraordinary response: nearly 2,000 men wrote to Roosevelt each day, offering their service. He successfully enlisted former Rough Rider John Campbell Greenaway, Louisiana politician John M. Parker, and frontier marshal Seth Bullock to help lead the effort. It seemed the legacy of the Rough Riders was about to bear fruit once more.
A short-lived endeavor
Teddy Roosevelt’s plan to raise a volunteer army was short-lived. On May 18, 1917, Woodrow Wilson signed the Selective Service Act, which gave him the power to conscript men ages 21-30, as well as the option to call up 500,000 volunteers. In a very public, but very polite statement, he announced that Roosevelt’s four special volunteer divisions would no longer be necessary.
In his justification for favoring the draft over Roosevelt’s volunteer divisions, Wilson said conscription would ensure a “people’s army” that was more representative of the nation as a whole.
After the announcement, Wilson sent Roosevelt a telegram, claiming he’d based his decision on “the imperative considerations of public policy and not upon personal or private choice.” The former, however, didn’t buy this and, in 1917, Roosevelt published The Foes Of Our Own Household, in which he indicted Wilson, stating he was largely disqualified to lead a country in its hour of need.
Angered by what he saw as a double-cross, Roosevelt responded in a private letter by calling the president “an utterly selfish, utterly treacherous, utterly insincere hypocrite.”
Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson’s relationship
In the years following the First World War, there was much discussion regarding the relationship between Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
In his 1958 Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, Woodrow Wilson, author Arthur Walworth wrote that the former president thought Roosevelt would recruit the US Army’s best officers to “make up for his own shortcomings.” Other recollections have claimed that Wilson feared Roosevelt would return to America a war hero, allowing him to reclaim the White House.
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Roosevelt was never able to forgive Wilson for denying him the opportunity to raise his volunteer divisions. His sons joined the military and were deployed during the conflict. His youngest son, a pilot, was shot down and killed in July 1918. When Wilson learned of the death, he telegrammed Roosevelt his condolences. The former president died six months later, in January 1919.